Tratamiento del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides con radioyodo a la luz de las guías y de la literatura científica / Radioiodine treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer related to guidelines and scientific literature

En el cáncer diferenciado de tiroides (CDT), el tratamiento con 131I se administra para eliminar tejido tiroideo residual sano postiroidectomía (tratamiento ablativo), para tratar enfermedad residual microscópica (tratamiento adyuvante) y para tratar enfermedad macroscópica o metastásica. A día de hoy, el tratamiento con 131I del CDT es todavía un tema de controversia debido a la ausencia de ensayos clínicos prospectivos que evalúen su beneficio en cuanto a supervivencia global e intervalo libre de recurrencia. Las recomendaciones actuales de los expertos se basan en datos retrospectivos observacionales y en su interpretación de la literatura. A la espera de los resultados de los ensayos prospectivos actualmente en marcha, la utilización del 131I parece estar justificada no solamente en los pacientes de alto riesgo, sino también en los de riesgo intermedio y bajo. Para la realización del presente documento de formación continuada se han considerado las guías de la Sociedad Americana y Británica de Tiroides, de las Sociedades Europea y Americana de Medicina Nuclear, el consenso del Grupo Europeo y la última edición del National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), así como se ha revisado la literatura científica relacionada

In differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), radioiodine is administered to eliminate residual normal thyroid tissue after thyroidectomy (ablative treatment), to treat residual microscopic disease (adjuvant treatment), and to treat macroscopic or metastatic disease. Currently, treatment of DTC with 131I is still a matter of controversy due to the absence of prospective clinical trials assessing its benefit in terms of overall survival and recurrence-free interval. The current recommendations of the experts are based on observational retrospective data and on their interpretation of the literature. Pending the results of the prospective trials that are currently underway, the use of 131I seems to be justified not only in high-risk patients, but also in intermediate-risk and low-risk patients. The guidelines of The American and British Thyroid Association, European and American Societies of Nuclear Medicine, The European Consensus Group and the latest edition of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) were considered in drawing up this continuing education document, we also undertook a review of the related scientific literature

PET/TC digital vs. PET/TC analógico en un estudio de glándulas paratiroideas con 18F-fluorocolina / Digital PET/CT vs. analogue PET/CT in a parathyroid gland study with 18F-Fluorocholine

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Radioiodine treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer related to guidelines and scientific literature. / Tratamiento del cáncer diferenciado de tiroides con radioyodo a la luz de las guías y de la literatura científica.

In differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), radioiodine is administered to eliminate residual normal thyroid tissue after thyroidectomy (ablative treatment), to treat residual microscopic disease (adjuvant treatment), and to treat macroscopic or metastatic disease. Currently, treatment of DTC with 131I is still a matter of controversy due to the absence of prospective clinical trials assessing its benefit in terms of overall survival and recurrence-free interval. The current recommendations of the experts are based on observational retrospective data and on their interpretation of the literature. Pending the results of the prospective trials that are currently underway, the use of 131I seems to be justified not only in high-risk patients, but also in intermediate-risk and low-risk patients. The guidelines of The American and British Thyroid Association, European and American Societies of Nuclear Medicine, The European Consensus Group and the latest edition of National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) were considered in drawing up this continuing education document, we also undertook a review of the related scientific literature.

Tratamiento con 177Lu-DOTATATE: pasado, presente y futuro / Treatment with 177Lu-DOTATATE: past, present and future

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Riñón ectópico supernumerario. Un hallazgo incidental / Ectopic supernumerary kidney. A casual finding

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Interpretación de incidentalomas tiroideos en estudios PET/TC con 18F-FDG / Interpretation of thyroid incidentalomas in 18F-FDG PET/CT studies

Objetivo: Los incidentalomas tiroideos en estudios PET/TC con 18F-FDG son relativamente frecuentes y su significado clínico es causa de controversia. El presente estudio muestra nuestra experiencia en la detección de incidentalomas tiroideos a partir de estudios PET/TC y de su seguimiento. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de los pacientes que presentaron incidentalomas tiroideos en los estudios PET/TC con 18F-FDG, entre junio de 2010 y marzo de 2013. Se evaluaron los siguientes datos y antecedentes clínicos: edad, sexo, valor máximo estandarizado de captación (SUVmáx), enfermedades tiroideas, niveles de TSH y anticuerpos antitiroideos, ecografía, punción-aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF) y citología. Resultados: Se realizaron 4.085 PET/TC, de los cuales 83 (2,03%) mostraron incidentalomas tiroideos. Treinta y siete de estos pacientes presentaron un incremento difuso del metabolismo glicídico tiroideo y 46 un incremento focal. Cinco de los 46 pacientes con captación focal (11%) fueron diagnosticados de enfermedad neoplásica por citología. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores del SUVmáx de las enfermedades tiroideas benignas y de las malignas (media: 10,26 y 5,92 respectivamente). Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia, los incidentalomas tiroideos de características focales detectados en los estudios PET/TC con18F-FDG, presentan un considerable riesgo de malignidad (11%). Por este motivo, se debe indicar siempre el seguimiento de estos hallazgos mediante ecografía y PAAF. Por otra parte, y tal como está descrito en la literatura, el incremento difuso del metabolismo glicídico tiroideo se asocia casi siempre a patología tiroidea benigna (AU)

Objective: Thyroid findings or incidentalomas in 18F-FDG PET/CT studies are relatively frequent, being its clinical significance subject of controversy. The aim of this study was to show our experience in the detection of thyroid incidentalomas by PET/CT studies as well as its follow up. Material and methods: A retrospective and descriptive review was conducted on patients who had thyroid incidentalomas detected in18F-FDG PET/CT studies between June 2010 and March 2013. Patient’s medical records were reviewed for age, genre, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), thyroid diseases, TSH and antithyroid antibodies levels, ultrasound, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and cytology. Results: 4085 PET/CT studies for several purposes were performed. Eighty-three of these studies (2.03%) showed thyroid incidentalomas. Thirty-seven patients showed a diffuse increase of glucose metabolism in the thyroid gland and 46 showed a focal increase of glucose metabolism. Five out of 46 patients with focal uptake were diagnosed of a neoplastic disease by cytology (11%). The SUVmax of malignant pathology did not differ from that of benign thyroid diseases (Mean: 10,26 and 5,92 respectively). Conclusion: In our experience, focal thyroid incidentalomas detected in18F-FDG PET/CT studies are related to a significant risk of malignancy (11%). Therefore, in these situations, an ultrasound study with fine needle biopsy should be recommended. Moreover, a diffuse increase of glucose metabolism in the thyroid gland is often associated with benign thyroid pathology (AU)

[Interpretation of thyroid incidentalomas in (18)F-FDG PET/CT studies]. / Interpretación de incidentalomas tiroideos en estudios PET/TC con (18)F-FDG.

OBJECTIVE: Thyroid findings or incidentalomas in (18)F-FDG PET/CT studies are relatively frequent, being its clinical significance subject of controversy. The aim of this study was to show our experience in the detection of thyroid incidentalomas by PET/CT studies as well as its follow up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective and descriptive review was conducted on patients who had thyroid incidentalomas detected in (18)F-FDG PET/CT studies between June 2010 and March 2013. Patient's medical records were reviewed for age, genre, maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), thyroid diseases, TSH and antithyroid antibodies levels, ultrasound, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and cytology. RESULTS: 4085 PET/CT studies for several purposes were performed. Eighty-three of these studies (2.03%) showed thyroid incidentalomas. Thirty-seven patients showed a diffuse increase of glucose metabolism in the thyroid gland and 46 showed a focal increase of glucose metabolism. Five out of 46 patients with focal uptake were diagnosed of a neoplastic disease by cytology (11%). The SUVmax of malignant pathology did not differ from that of benign thyroid diseases (Mean: 10,26 and 5,92 respectively). CONCLUSION: In our experience, focal thyroid incidentalomas detected in (18)F-FDG PET/CT studies are related to a significant risk of malignancy (11%). Therefore, in these situations, an ultrasound study with fine needle biopsy should be recommended. Moreover, a diffuse increase of glucose metabolism in the thyroid gland is often associated with benign thyroid pathology.

Utilidad de la imagen precoz de la gammagrafía de inervación miocárdica en el diagnóstico de la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy / Utility of early imaging of myocardial innervation scintigraphy in the diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia

La realización de un correcto diagnóstico inicial ayuda al manejo clínico de los pacientes con Demencia con Cuerpos de Lewy (DCLw). La imagen tardía de la gammagrafía cardíaca con 123I-MIBG permite diferenciar entre DCLw y otro tipo de demencias. El objetivo del estudio es valorar la utilidad de la imagen precoz de la gammagrafía cardíaca con 123I-MIBG para el diagnóstico diferencial entre DCLw y otras demencias neurodegenerativas. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de 106 pacientes (51 hombres, edad media 78 años) a los que se les realizó una gammagrafía de inervación miocárdica por estudio de demencia. Se obtuvieron imágenes planares en proyección anterior a los 15min (precoz) y a las 4h (tardía) de la administración del trazador. La captación miocárdica de 123I-MIBG se semicuantificó mediante la obtención del índice de captación corazón/mediastino (ICM) a los 15min (ICM15m) y a las 4h (ICM4h). Resultados. El diagnóstico clínico a los 4 años fue de 52 pacientes con DCLw. El ICM15m para los pacientes con DCLw fue significativamente inferior al de los otros pacientes (1,27±0,15 vs 1,76±0,15,p<0,05), así como el ICM4h (1,14±0,13 vs 1,68±0,19,p<0,01). A partir del análisis ROC se obtuvo un punto de corte del ICM15m de 1,56 con un área bajo la curva del 0,99, para poder diferenciar DCLw respecto a los otros tipos de demencia, con una sensibilidad y especificidad del 98%. Conclusión. La imagen precoz de la gammagrafía de inervación miocárdica con 123I-MIBG, puede ser útil para diferenciar la DCLw de otro tipo de demencias neurodegenerativas (AU)

The importance of accurate and early diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) lies in its pharmacological management. Delayed imaging of cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy allows differentiation between DLB and other neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of early imaging of cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy for differentiating DLB from others neurodegenerative disease with cognitive impairment. Material and methods. We assess retrospectively 106 patients (51 men, mean age 78 years) with cognitive impairment that underwent a cardiac 123I-MIBG study. Planar images were acquired in anterior view of the thorax 15min (early) and 4h (delayed) after tracer administration. The heart-to-mediastinum ratios (HMR) at 15m (HMR15m) and at 4h (HMR4h) were obtained. Results. After four years, 52 patients were diagnosed of DLB.HMR15m and HMR4h were significantly inferior in DLB respect to the others neurodegenerative diseases (1,27±0,15 vs 1,76±0,15,p<0,05) and (1,14±0,13 vs 1,68±0,19,p<0.01), respectively. The ROC analysis showed a HMR15m cut off point of 1.56 to differentiated DLB from the other dementias with a sensitivity and a specificity of 98%. Conclusions. Early imaging of cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy can help to differentiate DLB from other neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive impairment (AU)

[Utility of early imaging of myocardial innervation scintigraphy in the diagnosis of Lewy Body Dementia]. / Utilidad de la imagen precoz de la gammagrafía de inervación miocárdica en el diagnóstico de la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy.

UNLABELLED: The importance of accurate and early diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) lies in its pharmacological management. Delayed imaging of cardiac (123)I-MIBG scintigraphy allows differentiation between DLB and other neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of early imaging of cardiac (123)I-MIBG scintigraphy for differentiating DLB from others neurodegenerative disease with cognitive impairment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We assess retrospectively 106 patients (51 men, mean age 78 years) with cognitive impairment that underwent a cardiac (123)I-MIBG study. Planar images were acquired in anterior view of the thorax 15min (early) and 4h (delayed) after tracer administration. The heart-to-mediastinum ratios (HMR) at 15m (HMR15m) and at 4h (HMR4h) were obtained. RESULTS: After four years, 52 patients were diagnosed of DLB.HMR15m and HMR4h were significantly inferior in DLB respect to the others neurodegenerative diseases (1,27±0,15 vs 1,76±0,15,p<0,05) and (1,14±0,13 vs 1,68±0,19,p<0.01), respectively. The ROC analysis showed a HMR15m cut off point of 1.56 to differentiated DLB from the other dementias with a sensitivity and a specificity of 98%. CONCLUSIONS: Early imaging of cardiac (123)I-MIBG scintigraphy can help to differentiate DLB from other neurodegenerative diseases with cognitive impairment.

Cardiac sympathetic impairment parallels nigrostriatal degeneration in Probable Dementia with Lewy Bodies.

AIM: Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) must be distinguished from other types of dementia because of important differences in patient management and outcome. Both reduction in cardiac 123I-metaiodobenzilguanidine (MIBG) uptake and decreased 123I-FP-CIT binding in basal ganglia have been described in DLB. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between cardiac sympathetic activity and nigrostriatal degeneration in patients with probable DLB. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients (15 males; mean age 77 years, range 64-88 years) with clinical international criteria of probable DLB were included in the study. All patients underwent a cardiac MIBG scintigraphy and a FP-CIT SPECT. Global cardiac MIBG uptake was semiquantified by means of heart-to-mediastinum ratio (HMR) (normal >1.56). FP-CIT binding in basal ganglia was calculated and compared with an age-matched control group. The relation between cardiac MIBG uptake and FP-CIT uptake in basal ganglia, and the relationship of these two techniques with distinctive symptoms of DLB, features of past medical history and data from the neuropsychological examination were assessed. RESULTS: Cardiac MIBG uptake was decreased in 23 of 28 patients (HMR=1.32, range 0.95-1.85). The FP-CIT binding in basal ganglia was significantly lower than in control group (2.01±0.5 vs 2.62±0.2, P<0.05). All patients with reduced cardiac HMR showed decreased FP-CIT binding in basal ganglia. There was a positive correlation between the HMR and specific binding ratio of striatum (P<0.01). A high correlation between FP-CIT SPECT and the presence of parkinsonism also was found. No correlation between cardiac MIBG uptake and demographic, clinical or neuropsychological data was found. CONCLUSION: In probable DLB cardiac MIBG uptake and FP-CIT binding in basal ganglia are reduced. The positive correlation between both measures suggests that cardiac sympathetic degeneration and nigrostriatal degeneration parallel similarly in patients with probable DLB.

Gammagrafía miocárdica con 123I-MIBG en el diagnóstico de la demencia con cuerpos de Lewy / 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of Lewy body dementia

Introducción: La demencia con cuerpos de Lewy (DCLw) es la segunda causa más frecuente de demencia degenerativa tras la demencia tipo Alzheimer (DTA). En esta entidad se ha descrito una denervación simpática cardíaca posganglionar, que puede cuantificarse mediante la gammagrafía miocárdica con MIBG (metayodobencilguanidina). El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue evaluar retrospectivamente la captación miocárdica de MIBG, expresada cuantitativamente como el índice corazón/mediastino a las 4h (ICM) en pacientes con sospecha clínica de DCLw, y examinar su relación con los datos clínicos y paraclínicos. Pacientes y métodos:Se revisaron retrospectivamente datos de 77 pacientes con sospecha clínica de DCLw evaluados entre septiembre de 2005 y junio de 2008 en nuestro hospital a los que se les había realizado una gammagrafía miocárdica con MIBG. Se aplicaron los criterios internacionales de consenso para dividir la muestra en DCLw probable, DCLw posible y sin DCLw. Se analizaron el ICM en cada grupo y su relación con variables clínicas y neuropsicológicas. A un subgrupo de pacientes se le había realizado además un SPECT con FP-CIT (fluoropropil-carbometoxi-3β-4-yodofeniltropano) como parte de la evaluación. Resultados:Los valores medios de ICM fueron significativamente menores en el grupo de DCLw probable que en los grupos de DCLw posible y sin DCLw. Valores disminuidos de ICM solamente se asociaron a una captación disminuida en el estriado en el FP-CIT SPECT, pero no a ninguna variable clínica ni neuropsicológica. Conclusiones:La captación miocárdica reducida de MIBG es una medida robusta en la DCLw, y no se ve afectada por condiciones médicas o el estadio de la enfermedad. Una disminución en la captación miocárdica de MIBG se asocia a la degeneración nigroestriada en la DCLw (AU)

Introduction: Lewy body dementia (LBD) is the second most common cause of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). A cardiac post-ganglionic sympathetic denervation has been described in this condition which can be quantified by MIBG (metaiodobenzylguanidine) myocardial scintigraphy. The aim of our work was to retrospectively evaluate cardiac MIBG uptake (expressed as the heart-to-mediastinum ratio at 4h (HMR) in patients with suspected LBD, and to examine its relationship with clinical and para-clinical data. Material and methods: A total of 77 patients with clinical suspicion of LBD evaluated at our centre between September 2005 and June 2008 to whom a MIBG myocardial scintigraphy has been performed were retrospectively reviewed. International Consensus Criteria of LBD were applied to divide the sample into probable LBD, possible LBD and non-LBD. HMR values and their relationships with clinical and neuropsychological data were analysed. A subgroup of patients had FP-CIT (fluoropropyl-carbomethoxy-3β-4-iodophenyltropane) SPECT as a part of the evaluation.Results: Mean HMR values were significantly lower in probable LBD group than in possible LBD and non-LBD groups. Low HMR values were associated only with reduced FP-CIT uptake in the striatum, but not with any clinical or neuropsychological item.Conclusions: Low MIBG myocardial scintigraphy uptake is a robust measure in LBD, and it is not largely affected by medical conditions, or by the stage of the disease. In LBD reduced MIBG myocardial uptake is associated with nigrostriatal degeneration (AU)

Effectiveness of retinoic acid treatment for redifferentiation of thyroid cancer in relation to recovery of radioiodine uptake.

BACKGROUND: Retinoic acid (RA) treatment has been used for redifferentiation of metastatic thyroid neoplasia that have lost radioiodine (131I) uptake with heterogeneous results. AIM: Retrospective analysis of the recovery rate of 131I uptake after RA treatment in patients from 11 Spanish hospitals. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients (14 men, 13 women) with papillary [21], follicular [4], and oncocytic [2] thyroid cancer initially treated with total thyroidectomy plus 131I, and with 131I negative metastatic disease, were given 13-cis RA (0.66-1.5 mg/kg for 5-12 weeks) followed by a therapeutic 131I dose (3700-7400 MBq); 3 months later thyroglobulin levels and computed tomography imaging were performed. RESULTS: In 9 out 27 cases (33%) (8 papillary, 1 follicular) optimal positive 131I scan was observed after RA treatment; in the remaining 18, 10 had a suboptimal uptake (7 papillary, 2 follicular, 1 oncocytic) and in the rest there was no 131I uptake recovery (6 papillary, 1 follicular, 1 oncocytic). In 17 positive responses to RA (either optimal or suboptimal) in which image follow-up was available, decrease or stabilization of metastatic growth was observed in 7, while tumor mass increased at short term in the remaining 10. No major side effects were detected. CONCLUSION: Quite a high rate of 131I uptake recovery after RA treatment may be obtained in advanced differentiated thyroid cancer, but the potential modification of the natural course of the disease is uncertain. A better biological characterization of these tumors allowing the identification of potential responders to RA may improve the outcome of RA coadjuvant therapy.